Those excavations revealed rarely preserved objects of wood, such as masks, figureheads, bowls, and tools, which survived because of the wet environment. This change may have resulted from the people's migration from the interior to the coastal region, or may reflect trade and cultural influences. Many smaller tribes were constantly watching for these marauding warriors. See answer (1) Best Answer. Cushings excavations brought to light at least 23 wooden masks and figureheads. [10][11][12], Mollusk shells and wood were used to make hammering and pounding tools. (*) denotes earlier century Calusa language records. At first, there must have been an uneasy tolerance of one another, as the Spanish built their fort, Marquardt explained. (904) 665-0064. Credit: Florida Museum of Natural History ). However, they would suffer the same fate as many of the other Native American tribes. This class was supported by commoners, who provided them with food and other material goods. While thousands of Calusa people were enslaved, about 270 people, including Calusa nobles, escaped to the Keys where, after the last raid by the Creeks on May 17, 1760, the surviving 60-70. The priests wore carved masks, which were at other times hung on the walls inside a temple. The "nobles" resisted conversion in part because their power and position were intimately tied to the belief system; they were intermediaries between the gods and the people. Their gods were living all around them. Calusa means "fierce people," and they were described as a fierce, war-like people. The Calusa: "The Shell Indians". Re-entering the area in 1614, Spanish forces attacked the Calusa as part of a war between the Calusa and Spanish-allied tribes around Tampa Bay. [9] There is also evidence that as early as 2,000 years ago, the Calusa cultivated a gourd of the species Cucurbita pepo and the bottle gourd, which were used for net floats and dippers. By Paul Brinkmann. [2] The Tequesta tribe had only a few survivors by . The first phase of work included the creation of a detailed topographic map of the island using LiDAR, which gave archaeologists information about its structures and geography. What is the origin of the legend of the Christed Son who was born of a virgin on December 25th? ln 2017, funded by the National Science Foundation, the research team began a systematic investigation of these structures, the largest of which is about 36,000 square feet, with a surrounding berm of shell and sediment that stood about three feet high. In a feat of organized labor that was also suggestive of their expansive trade network, the Calusa appear to have brought pine wood to the island from elsewhere in Florida to build the dwelling. The Calusa Indians were descendants of Paleo-Indians who inhabited Southwest Florida approximately 12,000 years ago. Little is known about Calusa religion. The Calusa men were tall and well built with long hair. Be notified when an answer is posted. This is still a popular sport today. The immensity of the kings house, as well as the huge shell mounds and the canals required large amounts of labor and mechanisms to mobilize and to organize that labor that he thinks are indicative of a lower class that worked at the behest of the Calusas elites. MacMahon, Darcie A. and William H. Marquardt. After A.D. 1000, the Calusa began to grow in size and complexity, wielding their military might, trading widely and collecting tribute along those trade routes that extended for hundreds of miles. The best information about the Calusa comes from the Memoir of Hernando de Escalante Fontaneda, one of these survivors. The heir of the chief wore gold in an ornament on his forehead and beads on his legs. While a few Calusa individuals may have stayed behind and been absorbed into the Seminole, no documentation supports that. Native American names Some of these masks had moving parts that used pull strings and hinges so that a person could alter the look of a mask while wearing it. 5,8,4) traveled this year, in an unprecedented loan of the Key Marco material, to the National Gallery of Art where they were exhibited as part of the Columbian Quincentenary exhibition, Circa 1492: Art in the Age of Exploration. These figureheads will be on display in Philadelphia through 1992 in the Main Entrance of The University Museum. The most powerful ruler governed the physical world, the second most powerful ruled human governments, and the last helped in wars, choosing which side would win. The rich and relatively stable coastal ecology of southwest Florida provided an abundance of marine lifenumerous kinds of fish, shellfish, and sea mammalsthat was capable of supporting a large human population. Tools for fishing were made of shell, wood, and plant materials and included hooks and spears, nets, net floats and sinkers, cord, and anchors (Fig. ( Public Domain ). Are the Misty Peaks of the Azores Remnants of the Legendary Atlantis? The capital of the Calusa, and where the rulers administered from, was Mound Key, near present day Estero, Florida. A Calusa /s/ [s] sound is said to range between a /s/ to a // sound. It's also possible that a few were absorbed into the Seminole tribe. The Calusa resisted physical encroachment and spiritual conversion by the Spanish and their missionaries for almost 200 years. He was also attacked by the Calusa. The missionaries recognized that having a Calusa man cut his hair upon converting to Christianity (and European style) would be a great sacrifice. The Calusa Tribe had a large population and were well-organized. Florida of the Indians. A new tribe that entered Florida either from the islands or the north at the start of the Christian Era, the Calusa dominated South Florida with their statute, skills, and brutality. One ritual was witnessed in which a large procession of masked men came down from a mound accompanied by hundreds of singing women (Goggin and Sturtevant 1964). So, we needed information on large-scale architecture, the timing and tempo of shell midden mound formation and the timing of large-scale public architecture., Florida Museum illustration by Merald Clark. After the outbreak of war between Spain and England in 1702, slaving raids by Uchise Creek and Yamasee Indians allied with the Province of Carolina began reaching far down the Florida peninsula. The Calusa battle Spain over conversion. google_ad_height = 15; The first people to live on the island were the Calusa Native Americans, who were known as a fierce people. Artifacts related to fishing changed slowly over this period, with no obvious breaks in tradition that might indicate a replacement of the population. The fort was obviously a massive presence on Mound Key, both in scale and as an example of European culture, but it appears that native food procurement, living arrangements and much of Calusa daily life continued with only minimal changes, said archaeologist Traci Ardren of the University of Miami, who was not involved with the teams work. The Calusa case also illustrates remarkably sophisticated engagements with, and long-term large-scale management of, coastal and estuarine environments.. Archaeologists have been able to take a closer look at one of the United Kingdoms most famous shipwrecks. Each human had three souls, present in his shadow, his reflection in water and in the pupil of his eye. [4], Between 500 and 1000, the undecorated, sand-tempered pottery that had been common in the area was replaced by "Belle Glade Plain" pottery. It was during this phase of research that the team located and documented the massive kings house, showing it was indeed every bit as impressive as Spanish accounts, which claimed it was large enough to accommodate some 2,000 people. Native American tattoos Archaeological and historical documentation reveal that Calusa society was highly structured, with individuals living in fixed settlements surrounding a large central town. The fishing nets they used to catch food were made from palm tree fibers. The Tequesta lived in the southeastern parts of present-day Florida. "They had an established religion. [Online]Available at: http://floridahistory.org/indians.htm, Marquardt, W. H., 2014. Many smaller tribes were constantly watching for these marauding warriors. The Carolinan colonists supplied firearms to the Creek and Yemasee, but the Calusa, who had isolated themselves from Europeans, had none. They formerly held the southwest coast from about Tampa Bay to Cape Sable and Cape Florida, together with all the outlying keys, and extending inland to Lake Okeechobee. Excavation of the watercourts yielded artifacts like cordage that are not normally preserved at archaeological sites. Then, two things happened: either Chaos or Gaia created the universe as we know it, or Ouranos and Tethys gave birth to the first beings. It is recorded that in that year, the Calusa chief formed an alliance with the Spanish governor, Menndez de Avils. Menndez left a garrison of soldiers and a Jesuit mission, San Antn de Carlos, at the Calusa capital. The Calusa are said to have been the descendants of Palaeo-Indians who inhabited Southwest Florida about 12000 years ago. Indeed, given the results of recent research, they are now considered one of the most politically complex groups of non-agriculturalists in the ancient world. The Calusa (/klus/ k-LOO-s) were a Native American people of Florida's southwest coast. Milanich, Jerald. On Key Marco, among numerous mounds and ridges of earth and shell, he discovered a courtyard submerged in mud and bound by walls of conch shells. The Calusa also made fish traps, weirs, and fish corrals from wood and cord. Fish bones and scales recovered from one of the watercourts indicate the Calusa were capturing schooling species such as mullet, pinfish and herring. No Zamia pollen has been found at any site associated with the Calusas, nor does Zamia grow in the wetlands that made up most of the Calusa environment. We seek to retell the story of our beginnings. They determined that the enclosures, which were built on a foundation of oyster shells, walled off portions of the estuary, serving as traps and short-term holding pens for fish before they were eaten, smoked, or dried for later consumption. At Mound Key, the Spaniards used primitive tabby as a mortar to stabilize the posts in the walls of their wooden structures. It was during this time that the team located the Spanish fort Fort San Antn de Carlos, named for the Catholic patron saint of lost things that historic documents said was built near Caalus house in 1566. Gainesville: University Press of Florida, 2004. Hernando de Escalante Fontaneda, an early chronicler of the Calusa, described "sorcerers in the shape of the devil, with some horns on their heads," who ran through the town yelling like animals for four months at a time. Field school students brush sand from a tabby wall that might be the outer wall of Fort San Antn de Carlos. They fished and hunted for their food and would catch things like: mullet, catfish, eels, turtles, deer, conchs, clams, oysters, and crabs. [13][11] Artifacts of wood that have been found include bowls, ear ornaments, masks, plaques, "ornamental standards", and a finely carved deer head. There is an eyewitness account from 1566 of a "king's house" on Mound Key that was large enough for "2,000 people to stand inside. Artist's conception of town chief at the Calusa town of Tampa (present day Pineland) (Art by Merald Clark.) The chief organized warfare and possessed special and traditional religious knowledge. Hernando de Escalante Fontaneda, a Spaniard held captive by the Calusa in the 16th century, recorded that Calusa meant "fierce people" in their language. The Calusa may have been the only ancient people in North America who established a kingdom without practicing agriculture. Researchers have previously hypothesized the watercourts were designed to hold fish, but this was the first attempt to study the structures systematically, including when they were built and how that timing correlates with other Calusa construction projects, Marquardt said. "Calusa". [3] Some Archaic artifacts have been found in the region later occupied by the Calusa, including one site classified as early Archaic, and dated prior to 5000 BC. When used for fishing or travel from one point to another, these canals must have provided protection from the wind (Blanchard 1989). Some of the "Spanish Indians" (often of mixed Spanish-Indian heritage) who worked at the fishing camps likely were descended from Calusa.[29]. Franciscan friar Fray Lopez, director of the unsuccessful 1697 mission attempt, described the Calusa temples as very tall and wide, with a mound in the middle and a structure on the mound enclosed with reed mats and containing benches around the walls. Rituals were believed to link the Calusa to their spirit world ( Art by Merald Clark. In R. D. Fogelson (Ed.). Native Americans of the California Coast: The Chumash By Damian Bacich The Chumash are a widespread group of California native people who lived along the southern California coast and the Santa Barbara Channel Islands. Want this question answered? In the 1700's, infectious diseases, slaving raids and attacks by Creek and Yamasee Indians who were supplied with guns by the English, decimated the Calusa population. Their territory was bounded in northwest Florida by the Aucilla and Ochlockonee rivers, and . From the time of European contact until their ultimate demise from conflict and illness around 1770, the Calusa successfully resisted, albeit with considerable bloodshed, intermittent efforts by Spanish missionaries to convert them to Christianity. 10 Innovative Medieval Weapons: You Would Not Want To Be At The Sharp End Of These! Directly beneath the chief was the nobility. [23], The Pnfilo de Narvez expedition of 1528 and the Hernando de Soto expedition of 1539 both landed in the vicinity of Tampa Bay, north of the Calusa domain. The mission was closed after only a few months. Typical Women's Work. It was reputed in local legend to be the seat of the god Wotan and to be haunted. Our open community is dedicated to digging into the origins of our species on planet earth, and question wherever the discoveries might take us. The Shell People. Now, there is a lot of garbage and misinformation on the Internet no matter what . It is believed that Calusa translated to mean "Fierce People". Later periods in the Caloosahatchee culture are defined in the archaeological record by the appearance of pottery from other traditions. They began preliminary investigations of the fort, which was located on Mound 2 and housed one of the first Jesuit missions established in the U.S. Cushings excavations took place along the coast. The watercolors illustrate the blue, black, gray, and brownish-red pigments found on many of the wooden specimens. [Online]Available at: http://fcit.usf.edu/florida/lessons/calusa/calusa1.htm, Florida Museum of Natural History, 2016. Before the arrival of Europeans in the Americas, Indigenous peoples who lived in the same region developed similar cultural traits based on their shared natural environment. But the Spanish not only refused to fight Caalus rivals, they also wanted to convert his people to Catholicism, which eventually led to conflict between the Spanish and the Calusa. In 1987, the Tribe approved a constitution and began to lay the groundwork for a self-sufficiency plan. The archaeologists were surprised to discover the Spanish used a primitive shell concrete known as tabby to stabilize the wall posts of their wooden structures. Additionally, they had (as their name suggests) a fierce, war-like reputation. By about 500 BC, the Archaic culture, which had been fairly uniform across Florida, began to devolve into more distinct regional cultures. All his subjects had to obey his commands. While the Calusa managed to survive that encounter, the 250 years that followed brought intermittent contact with other conquistadors, Christians missionaries, and in later years, English and French explorer-traders who vied for the territory, often with the help of native allies. Artist's conception of town chief at the Calusa town of Tampa (present day Pineland) (Art by Merald Clark.) Circumstantial evidence, primarily from Hernando de Escalante Fontaneda, suggests that all of the peoples of southern Florida and the Tampa Bay area, including the Tequesta, Mayaimi, and Tocobaga, as well as the Calusa, spoke dialects of a common language. [19], Little is known of the language of the Calusa. An analysis of faunal remains at one coastal habitation site, the Wightman site (on Sanibel Island), showed that more than 93 percent of the energy from animals in the diet came from fish and shellfish, less than 6 percent of the energy came from mammals, and less than 1 percent came from birds and reptiles. The Spanish left less description on what the Calusa women wore. The University Museum has an exceptional collection of artifacts from the Calusa site at Key Marco, Florida. Fowler Williams, .Lucy"The Calusa Indians: Maritime Peoples of Florida in the Age of Columbus" Expedition Magazine 33.2 (1991): n. pag. The Chilling Mystery of the Octavius Ghost Ship, What is a Wendigo? People commonly occupied both fresh and saltwater wetlands. Historic sources reveal that they were a warlike people who economically and politically dominated most of southern Florida (Fig. Join CJ as he discusses: The origins of the Calusa Their physical description Their society, hierarchy, and religion For me, the work has been absolutely fantastic and since we began it has been one discovery after another, said Thompson. According to these accounts, the Calusa had a head chief named Carlos who lived in Calos and received tribute from surrounding villages. They arrived in seven vessels and climbed to the peak of Mound Key, a 30-foot-high, human-made island of shells and sand, to greet the king. The CalusaPeople of the Estuary. He had a council which may have included one or more head priests and one or two high-ranking individuals involved in political and religious decision-making. Diseases would ravage their population and force . The expedition was sponsored jointly by The University Museum (then the Free Museum of Science and Art) and the Bureau of American Ethnology of the Smithsonian Institution. (Cushing was an anthropologist with the Bureau of American Ethnology, and was well known for his pioneering work at Zuni Pueblo.) On that trip, Juan and his mates are said to have been attacked by the Calusa Indians, a large and fearsome group of natives who made their living from the sea. After Spain ceded Florida to the Kingdom of Great Britain in 1763, the remaining tribes of South Florida were relocated to Cuba by the Spanish, completing their removal from the region. By around 5000 BC, people started living in villages near wetlands. Escampaba may be related to a place named Stapaba, which was identified in the area on an early 16th-century map. And while some people may seem content with the story as it stands, our view is that there existcountless mysteries, scientific anomalies and surprising artifacts thathave yet to be discovered and explained. They believed that people had three souls-in a person's eye, shadow, and their reflection in the water. Their sophistication and fierceness enabled them to resist Spanish domination for some 200 years. However, archeological digs on Sanibel Island and Useppa Island have revealed evidence that the Calusa did in fact consume wild plants such as cabbage palm, prickly pear, hog plum, acorns, wild papaya, and chili peppers. Around A.D. 1250, the area experienced a drop in sea level that, according to research team member Karen Walker, collections manager at the Florida Museum of Natural History, may have impacted fish populations enough to have prompted the Calusa to design and build the watercourts. Wiki User. Calusa ceremonies included processions of priests and singing women. The Calusas as Shell Indians The Calusas are considered to be the first "shell collectors." Shells were discarded into huge heaps. The finds tell us of Calusa fishing techniques, of the tools used to produce their wooden carvings, of architecture, ceremonialism, and daily life. Tamara Jager Stewart is the assistant editor of American Archaelogy and the Conservancys Southwest region projects director. Detailed analysis and AMS dates led us to the realization that the structure went through at least three phases of building activity over several centuries, the earliest phase dating to around A.D. 1000.. Many Calusa are said to have been captured and sold as slaves. The Carolinan colonists supplied firearms to the Creek and Yemasee, but the Calusa may stayed! Brush sand from a tabby wall that might indicate a replacement of the University Museum cushings excavations brought to at. And been absorbed into the Seminole, no documentation supports that s eye, shadow and! 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Spirit world ( Art by Merald Clark preserved at archaeological sites site at Key Marco, Florida Museum Natural! Calusa, and their reflection in water and in the Caloosahatchee culture are defined in the pupil of his.... Suffer the same fate as many of the legend of the watercourts yielded artifacts like cordage that not.

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