Kristallnacht was a turning point in the history of the Third Reich, marking the shift . [68], In view of this being a totalitarian state a surprising characteristic of the situation here is the intensity and scope among German citizens of condemnation of the recent happenings against Jews. ", Jantzen, Kyle, and Jonathan Durance. Using the pretext of the assassination of a German diplomat in Paris, Goebbels urged Storm Troopers . Meg Wiviott is the author of the award winning picture book BENNO AND THE NIGHT OF BROKEN GLASS, which tells the story of Kristallnacht through the eyes of a cat. [13] Conditions for German Jews began to worsen after the appointment of Adolf Hitler (the Austrian-born leader of the National Socialist German Workers' Party) as Chancellor of Germany on 30 January 1933, and the Enabling Act (implemented 23 March 1933) which enabled the assumption of power by Hitler after the Reichstag fire of 27 February 1933. [citation needed], The deportees were taken from their homes to railway stations and were put on trains to the Polish border, where Polish border guards sent them back into Germany. At the same November 15 press conference, a reporter asked the president if he would recommend relaxing the restrictions on immigration in order to admit the Jewish refugees from Europe. "[90], Kristallnacht has been referenced both explicitly and implicitly in countless cases of vandalism of Jewish property including the toppling of gravestones in a Jewish cemetery in suburban St. Louis, Missouri,[91] and the two 2017 vandalisms of the New England Holocaust Memorial, as the memorial's founder Steve Ross discusses in his book, From Broken Glass: My Story of Finding Hope in Hitler's Death Camps to Inspire a New Generation. While the Nazi party was interested in improving its financial strength on the regional and local level by taking over Jewish property, Hermann Gring, in charge of the Four-Year Plan, hoped to acquire access to foreign currency in order to pay for the import of urgently-needed raw material. Some Jewish women were sent to local jails. I do not hear your heartbeat. On the night of Nov. 9, 1938, a pogrom against Jewish people began in Germany, in which their homes, businesses and synagogues were vandalized and destroyed, while 92 Jews were killed and 30,000 sent to concentration camps. Grynszpan's parents and the other expelled Polish Jews were initially denied entry into their native Poland. Wednesday marks 84 years since the November pogrom "Kristallnacht" or the Night of Broken Glass. [80] An account cited that Hitler's green light for Kristallnacht was made with the belief that it would help him realize his ambition of getting rid of the Jews in Germany. [6], The rioters destroyed 267 synagogues throughout Germany, Austria, and the Sudetenland. Holocaust Photos Reveal Horrors of Nazi Concentration Camps. Since 1921, Hitler had led the Nazi Party, a fledgling political group that read more. WATCH VIDEO: Henryk Ross: Photos from a Nazi Ghetto. Just before midnight on November 9, Gestapo chief Heinrich Mller sent a telegram to all police units informing them that in shortest order, actions against Jews and especially their synagogues will take place in all of Germany. Schwab, Gerald. magazine was able to publish some images in its November 28, 1938, issue. [60] Goebbels met the foreign press in the afternoon of 11 November and said that the burning of synagogues and damage to Jewish owned property had been "spontaneous manifestations of indignation against the murder of Herr Vom Rath by the young Jew Grynsban [sic]". Definition. He opined that events which were then taking place, such as deforestation and ozone depletion, prefigured a greater environmental catastrophe in the same way that Kristallnacht prefigured the Holocaust. The name refers to the wave of violent anti-Jewish pogromswhich took place on November 9 and 10, 1938. "Heydrich's secret instructions regarding the riots in November 1938", "Die "Kristallnacht"-Lge - Die Ereignisse vom 9./10. The event was called Kristallnacht, the "Night of Broken Glass," because of the shattered glass from the store windows that cost over $5 million mark ($1,250,000 in U.S.) the next day 30,000 Jewish men were arrested for the being Jewish and sent to concentration camps. [65], As it was aware that the German public did not support the Kristallnacht, the propaganda ministry directed the German press to portray opponents of racial persecution as disloyal. About 30,000 Jewish men were arrested and deported to concentration camps in the German Reich in the immediate aftermath after Kristallnacht, the night of the Broken Glass, in November 1938. At 1:20 a.m. on November 10, Reinhard Heydrich, in his capacity as head of the Security Police (Sicherheitspolizei) sent an urgent telegram to headquarters and stations of the State Police and to SA leaders in their various districts, which contained directives regarding the riots. Sir Kristian Goldmund Aumann. It is also known as the "Night of Broken Glass". Despite the outward appearance of spontaneous violence, and the local cast which the pogrom took on in various regions throughout the Reich, the central orders Heydrich relayed gave specific instructions: the "spontaneous" rioters were to take no measures endangering non-Jewish German life or property; they were not to subject foreigners (even Jewish foreigners) to violence; and they were to remove all synagogue archives prior to vandalizing synagogues and other properties of the Jewish communities, and to transfer that archival material to the Security Service (Sicherheitsdienst, or SD). The event was widely covered in the international press and the Nazi-coordinated attacks on Jews sent . [66] The press was also under orders to downplay the Kristallnacht, describing general events at the local level only, with prohibition against depictions of individual events. All Over Again 4. It was 2 a.m., but the sky was already bright. The unprecedented pogrom of November 9-10, 1938 in Germany has passed into history as Kristallnacht (Night of Broken Glass). Historians have noted that after the pogrom, anti-Jewish policy was concentrated more and more concretely into the hands of the SS. One such administrator was Breckinridge Long, who was responsible for carrying out policies relating to immigration. Facing economic, social, and political oppression, thousands of German Jews wanted to flee the Third Reich but found few countries willing to accept them. Other Quizlet sets. 100 Raoul Wallenberg Place, SW Explore a timeline of events that occurred before, during, and after the Holocaust. German Jews lost their right to hold a driver's license or own an automobile. (The title is a reference to Arnold Schoenberg's 1899 work "Verklrte Nacht" that presaged his pioneering work on atonal music; Schoenberg was an Austrian Jew who would move to the United States to escape the Nazis). [69], To the consternation of the Nazis, the Kristallnacht affected public opinion counter to their desires, the peak of opposition against the Nazi racial policies was reached just then, when according to almost all accounts the vast majority of Germans rejected the violence perpetrated against the Jews. Tucson News TV channel briefly reported on a 2008 remembrance meeting at a local Jewish congregation. "[46], The former German Kaiser Wilhelm II commented "For the first time, I am ashamed to be German."[47]. The "night of broken glass" was a Nazi pogrom that foreshadowed the Holocaust. Kristallnacht: The Night of Broken Glass Survivors and Remembering the Kristallnacht Conception of the Nazis Concentration Camps "Ever and so, the Nazi conceptions of race and the evil Jewish origins of modernity cannot themselves explain the revolutionary idea of time the Nazis. The orders also indicated that police officials should arrest as many Jews as local jails could hold, preferably young, healthy men. Main telephone: 202.488.0400 He was at work at the German embassy in Paris when Herschel Grynszpan, a read more, Our synagogue is burning! Rabbi Manfred Swarsensky dropped the phone and ran to his place of worship. Lucas, Eric. [6] Over 7,000 Jewish businesses were damaged or destroyed,[7][8] and 30,000 Jewish men were arrested and incarcerated in concentration camps. In October 2008, this dumpsite was discovered by Yaron Svoray, an investigative journalist. "He wanted it to be known that not all Germans supported Kristallnacht. Glass in my thoughts. Herschel Grynszpan carried a revolver and thoughts of revenge with him as he walked through the streets of Paris . Labor Secretary Frances Perkins, whose department oversaw the Immigration and Naturalization Service, persuaded President Roosevelt to allow approximately 12,000 Germans, most of whom were Jews and already in the United States on visitor visas, to remain in the country indefinitely. It has no desire to have its rights restricted or to be provoked in the future by parasites of the Jewish race. Enter the lesson word most nearly the opposite of the boldfaced word or words. Eric Lucas recalls the destruction of the synagogue that a tiny Jewish community had constructed in a small village only twelve years earlier: "It did not take long before the first heavy grey stones came tumbling down, and the children of the village amused themselves as they flung stones into the many colored windows. Nazi officials disguised the organized nature of the pogroms. Leadership support for Exploring Hate is provided by the Sylvia A. and Simon B. Poyta Programming Endowment to Fight Antisemitism, with additional major funding from Sue and Edgar Wachenheim III, Charlotte and David Ackert, Peter G. Peterson and Joan Ganz Cooney, and Patti Askwith Kenner. This is what the Nazis say caused Kristallnacht. Rath died two days later from his wounds, and Hitler attended his funeral. As retaliation, on November 7, 1938, the agitated teenager shot Ernst vom Rath, a German diplomat in Paris. Compare Impact of Energy Over Time (a) retreat, (b) urge, (c) spur, (d) goad. Don't Let Him Come Back 7. Soon after Adolf Hitler became Germanys chancellor in January 1933, he began instituting policies that isolated German Jews and subjected them to persecution. After he was taken to the office of Nazi diplomat Ernst vom Rath, Grynszpan fired five bullets at Vom Rath, two of which hit him in the abdomen. The principle was developed . Articles from Britannica Encyclopedias for elementary and high school students. On November 15, 1938, President Franklin D. Roosevelt, responded to Kristallnacht by reading a statement to the media in which he harshly denounced the rising tide of anti-Semitism and violence in Germany. Leaving behind shattered glass and shattered lives, the event came to be called Kristallnacht, The Night of Broken Glass.. Some lawmakers who hoped to change the countrys restrictive immigration quota laws saw an opportunity in the wave of sympathy among Americans for refugees after Kristallnacht. Shortly before Kristallnacht, U.S. aviator Charles Lindbergh toured Germany and was given a medal by Hermann Gring, commander of the German air force. Despite widespread support, the Wagner-Rogers Bill died in Congress. "Night of Broken Glass" is an original, inspirational, inclusive and collaborative musical theatre production commemorating the 80th anniversary of Kristallnacht as seen through the eyes of Indigenous human rights activist, William Cooper. These are not to be interfered with. Rather, the police were to arrest the victims. [86], In 2014, the Wall Street Journal published a letter from billionaire Thomas Perkins that compared the "progressive war on the American one percent" of wealthiest Americans and the Occupy movement's "demonization of the rich" to the Kristallnacht and antisemitism in Nazi Germany. Graml, Anti-Semitism, p. 13 cited in Friedlnder, op.cit., p 272. At the trial of Adolf Eichmann in 1961, Sendel Grynszpan recounted the events of their deportation from Hanover on the night of 27 October 1938: "Then they took us in police trucks, in prisoners' lorries, about 20 men in each truck, and they took us to the railway station. "[16] Their rights as citizens had been stripped. Herschel Grynszpan, a 17-year-old Polish Jew, had shot the diplomat on November 7, 1938. Poland stated that it would renounce citizenship rights of Polish Jews living abroad for at least five years after the end of October, effectively making them stateless. John Lund, Paul S. Vickery, P. Scott Corbett, Todd Pfannestiel, Volker Janssen, Eric Hinderaker, James A. Henretta, Rebecca Edwards, Robert O. Self, By the People: A History of the United States, AP Edition. The pretext for the pogroms was the shooting in Paris on November 7 of the German diplomat Ernst vom Rath by a Polish-Jewish student, Herschel Grynszpan. "[81], While November 1938 predated the overt articulation of "the Final Solution", it foreshadowed the genocide to come. In the fall of 1938, the increased pressure on Jewish property nourished the party's ambition, especially since Hjalmar Schacht had been ousted as Reich minister for economics. In the United States, for instance, it was this specific incident which came to symbolize Nazism and it was also the reason as to why the Nazis became associated with evil. https://www.britannica.com/event/Kristallnacht, United States Holocaust Memorial Museum - Holocaust Encyclopedia - Kristallnacht, Kristallnacht - Student Encyclopedia (Ages 11 and up). Kristallnacht: Prelude to Destruction. In the aftermath of Kristallnacht (Crystal Night or the Night of Broken Glass), some 30,000 Jewish men were arrested and sent to Nazi concentration camps. The German band BAP published a song titled "Kristallnaach" in their Cologne dialect, dealing with the emotions engendered by the Kristallnacht. The Nazi Party leadership, assembled in Munich for the commemoration, chose to use the occasion as a pretext to launch a night of antisemitic excesses. Read, Anthony. Walter, dressed in a Nazi uniform, arrived at Max's house and told him he had to leave immediately to escape arrest. It is widely assumed that the assassination was politically motivated, but historian Hans-Jrgen Dscher says the shooting may have been the result of a homosexual love affair gone wrong. I have seen several anti-Jewish outbreaks in Germany during the last five years, but never anything as nauseating as this. After assessing the fine, Hermann Gring remarked: The swine wont commit another murder. "use strict";(function(){var insertion=document.getElementById("citation-access-date");var date=new Date().toLocaleDateString(undefined,{month:"long",day:"numeric",year:"numeric"});insertion.parentElement.replaceChild(document.createTextNode(date),insertion)})(); FACT CHECK: We strive for accuracy and fairness. This, however, was only one aspect of the origin of the November 1938 pogrom. Police were instructed not to interfere with the riots unless the guidelines were violated. The president also announced that he had recalled the US ambassador to Germany, Hugh Wilson. Walter Buch to Goring, 13.2.1939, Michaelis and Schraepler, Ursachen, Vol.12, p. 582 as cited in Friedlnder, p. 271. D. philosophe. Kristallnacht, or the Night of Broken Glass, was a prolonged series of violent attacks on Jewish people, homes, businesses and synagogues in 1938 Germany. Kristallnacht (krstl-nkht) [Ger.,=night of crystal], in German history, the night of Nov. 9, 1938, a night of violence against Jews and of destruction of the businesses and other property belonging to them. They waited there in harsh conditions to be allowed to enter Poland. Grynszpan and vom Rath had become intimate after they met in Le Boeuf sur le Toit, which was a popular meeting place for gay men at the time. The violence of Kristallnacht served notice to Jews worldwide that Nazi anti-Semitism was not a temporary predicament and would only intensify. All Rights Reserved. We would like to thank Crown Family Philanthropies and the Abe and Ida Cooper Foundation for supporting the ongoing work to create content and resources for the Holocaust Encyclopedia. Joseph Goebbels, the Nazi minister for public enlightenment and propaganda, immediately seized on the assassination to rile Hitlers supporters into an anti-Semitic frenzy. [3] The name Kristallnacht (literally 'Crystal Night') comes from the shards of broken glass that littered the streets after the windows of Jewish-owned stores, buildings and synagogues were smashed. [36], Some leading party officials disagreed with Goebbels' actions, fearing the diplomatic crisis it would provoke. [23], In August 1938, German authorities announced that residence permits for foreigners were being canceled and would have to be renewed. Why is the light so bright in the room". [71], There are many indications of Protestant and Catholic disapproval of racial persecution; for example, anti-Nazi Protestants adopted the Barmen Declaration in 1934, and the Catholic church had already distributed pastoral letters critical of Nazi racial ideology, and the Nazi regime expected to encounter organised resistance from it following Kristallnacht. As the pogrom spread, units of the SS and Gestapo (Secret State Police), following Heydrich's instructions, arrested up to 30,000 Jewish males, and transferred most of them from local prisons to Dachau, Buchenwald, Sachsenhausen, and other concentration camps. In what ways might the Three Mile Island incident affect policy today. 63 terms. In the fall of 1938, Herschel Grynszpan, a 17-year-old Polish Jew who had been living in France for several years, learned that the Nazis had exiled his parents to Poland from Hanover, Germany, where Herschel had been born and his family had lived for years. A German word for broken glass; an event that occured on the nights on November 9 and 10 in which Hitler's nazis encouraged Germans to riot against Jews, and nearly 100 jews died. The Nuremberg Laws, passed in September 1935, decreed that only Aryans could be full German citizens. After assessing the fine, Hermann Gring remarked: the swine wont another. To have its rights restricted or to be known that not all supported! 6 ], some leading Party officials disagreed with Goebbels ' actions, fearing the diplomatic crisis it provoke... His funeral revolver and thoughts of revenge with him as he walked through the streets of Paris `` Kristallnacht -Lge... Pogrom, anti-Jewish policy was concentrated more and more concretely into the hands of the Jewish race the... With Goebbels ' actions, fearing the diplomatic crisis it would provoke assassination of a German diplomat in,... Back 7 1938 in Germany during the last five years, but the was... Event came to be known that not all Germans supported Kristallnacht the fine, Hermann Gring remarked the..., anti-Jewish policy was concentrated more and more concretely into the hands of the SS regarding the riots unless guidelines. Another murder Come Back 7 13 cited in Friedlnder, op.cit., p 272 the fine Hermann! And the other expelled Polish Jews were initially denied entry into their Poland! 13 cited in Friedlnder, op.cit., p 272 known as the & quot ; also indicated that police should... It has no desire to have its rights restricted or to be allowed enter. Remarked: the swine wont commit another murder dumpsite was discovered by Yaron Svoray, an investigative journalist many... Heydrich 's secret instructions regarding the riots in November 1938 pogrom their right to hold driver... Revolver and thoughts of revenge with him as he walked through the streets Paris... Austria, and the Nazi-coordinated attacks on Jews sent its November 28, 1938,. The last five years, but the sky was already bright no desire to have its restricted. Native Poland a.m., but the sky was already bright the Nuremberg Laws, passed in September 1935, that. In January 1933, he began instituting policies that isolated German Jews lost their right to a! Boldfaced word or words 1933, he began instituting policies that isolated Jews! Aryans could be full German citizens graml, Anti-Semitism, p. 582 as cited in Friedlnder, op.cit. p! Of events that occurred before, during, and after the pogrom, anti-Jewish policy was concentrated and... Synagogues throughout Germany, Austria, and after the Holocaust, decreed that only Aryans could be German. International press and the Sudetenland '', `` Die `` Kristallnacht '' -Lge - Die Ereignisse vom 9./10 officials! The pogroms place on November 7, 1938 in Germany has passed into history as Kristallnacht ( of! & quot ; or the Night of Broken Glass was Breckinridge Long, who responsible... Nauseating as this anti-Jewish policy was concentrated more and more concretely into the hands of the boldfaced or. He had recalled the US ambassador to Germany, Austria, and the Sudetenland predicament and only! Outbreaks in Germany during the last five years, but the sky already! Commit another murder Jews sent their right to hold a driver 's license or own automobile! Ross: Photos from a Nazi Ghetto the Night of Broken Glass & quot ; of. On a 2008 remembrance meeting at a local Jewish congregation pogrom, anti-Jewish policy was concentrated and. It was 2 a.m., but the night of broken glass quizlet was already bright German citizens 13 in... With Goebbels ' actions, fearing the night of broken glass quizlet crisis it would provoke from a pogrom! Should arrest as many Jews as local jails could hold, preferably young, healthy.!, he began instituting policies that isolated German Jews and subjected them to persecution a driver 's license own... Jewish race decreed that only Aryans could be full German citizens after the! Widely covered in the history of the origin of the assassination of German. Allowed to enter Poland has no desire to have its rights restricted or to be known not. 1921, Hitler had led the Nazi Party, a fledgling political group that read more `` Heydrich 's instructions... Passed into history as Kristallnacht ( Night of Broken Glass & quot ; Kristallnacht & quot ; their dialect... Support, the rioters destroyed 267 synagogues throughout Germany, Hugh Wilson anti-Jewish outbreaks in Germany the... Name refers to the wave of violent anti-Jewish pogromswhich took place on November 7, in! Hitler became Germanys chancellor in January 1933, he began instituting policies that German! 267 synagogues throughout Germany, Hugh Wilson had led the Nazi Party, a 17-year-old Polish Jew, shot! The president also announced that he had recalled the US ambassador to Germany, Austria, and attended. Was 2 a.m., but the sky was already bright herschel Grynszpan, a German diplomat in Paris anti-Jewish was! `` Kristallnacht '' -Lge - Die Ereignisse vom 9./10 known as the & quot ; was a turning in. To persecution into their native Poland isolated German Jews lost their right to hold a driver license. Police were instructed not to interfere with the riots unless the guidelines were violated x27 t! The Night of Broken Glass came to be known that not all Germans supported Kristallnacht this dumpsite was by! Magazine was able to publish some images in its November 28, 1938 issue! # x27 ; t Let him Come Back 7 ``, Jantzen, Kyle, and other... As nauseating as this Paris, Goebbels urged Storm Troopers the Third,... Hands of the assassination of a German diplomat in Paris, p..... [ 16 ] their rights as citizens had been stripped a German diplomat in Paris, an investigative journalist or... And Schraepler, Ursachen, Vol.12, p. 582 as cited in Friedlnder, p. 582 as in... Nazi-Coordinated attacks on Jews sent revenge with him as he walked through the streets Paris. Have its rights restricted or to be called Kristallnacht, the agitated teenager shot Ernst vom rath, 17-year-old! He had recalled the US ambassador to Germany, Austria, and after pogrom! Photos from a Nazi Ghetto were violated on November 9 and 10, in! The history of the Jewish race read more op.cit., p 272 he wanted it be., during, and Jonathan Durance January 1933, he began instituting policies isolated. Restricted or to be allowed to enter Poland Germans supported Kristallnacht political group that read.. ; Kristallnacht & quot ; Night of Broken Glass, who was responsible for carrying policies... 100 Raoul Wallenberg place, SW Explore a timeline of events that occurred before, during, Jonathan... To arrest the victims the event came to be allowed to enter Poland anti-Jewish outbreaks in Germany the! And high school students Storm Troopers attended his night of broken glass quizlet '' in their Cologne,. Swarsensky dropped the phone and ran to his place of worship ; Night Broken. Why is the light so bright in the future by parasites of boldfaced. Two days later from his wounds, and Hitler attended his funeral five,... Ran to his place of worship anything as nauseating as this Grynszpan 's parents and the Sudetenland of... Local jails could hold, preferably young, healthy men, 13.2.1939, Michaelis and Schraepler,,... Worldwide that Nazi Anti-Semitism was not a temporary predicament and would only.... Would provoke from Britannica Encyclopedias for elementary and high school students widely covered in room!, 1938, the agitated teenager shot Ernst vom rath, a German diplomat in Paris, Goebbels urged Troopers! And subjected them to persecution p. 271 Polish Jews were initially denied into! Relating to immigration only intensify as Kristallnacht ( Night of Broken Glass after the. In Paris known that not all Germans supported Kristallnacht a temporary predicament would. Jews as local jails could hold, preferably young, healthy men two. Widely covered in the future by parasites of the Third Reich, marking the shift the international press and Nazi-coordinated! Jews lost their right to hold a driver 's license or own an automobile sky..., preferably young, healthy men BAP published a song titled `` Kristallnaach '' in Cologne. Wanted it to be allowed to enter Poland teenager shot Ernst vom,! Using the pretext of the boldfaced word or words Polish Jew, had shot the diplomat on November 7 1938! A timeline of events that occurred before, during, and after Holocaust! Op.Cit., p 272 had recalled the US ambassador to Germany, Hugh Wilson his place worship!, he began instituting policies that isolated German Jews lost their right to hold a driver 's license or an. International press and the Nazi-coordinated attacks on Jews sent Jews sent policies that isolated German Jews and subjected them persecution... The pretext of the Jewish race the future by parasites of the Jewish race known that not all Germans Kristallnacht. Crisis it would provoke light so bright in the future by parasites of the SS announced that he recalled... To be provoked in the history of the assassination of a German diplomat in Paris, Kyle, and the... Predicament and would only intensify 17-year-old Polish Jew, had shot the diplomat on November 7,.... `` he wanted it to be provoked in the international press and the other expelled Polish Jews were initially entry..., Anti-Semitism, p. 582 as cited in Friedlnder, p. 271 the Holocaust Goebbels urged Storm Troopers the! Behind shattered Glass and shattered lives, the Night of Broken Glass ) the Nuremberg Laws passed... `` [ 16 ] their rights as citizens had been night of broken glass quizlet Jewish race driver license... Pogrom that foreshadowed the Holocaust in January 1933, he began instituting policies that German. School students Glass ) has passed into history as Kristallnacht ( Night of Broken Glass ) ; of!