The book established his reputation, making him foremost in the developing field of social anthropology. c. provide a means of curbing the power of the ruling class c. The younger wife cooled her witchcraft by spitting water. [10] Witch doctors must go through extensive training;[3] when their assistance is needed, they come together and perform a dance near the home of one who is sick or dead to locate the origin of the evil magic. What fowls are best for oracular consultations? These concepts were integral to the Azande worldview, but these practices and beliefs declined with British rule. What do Azande call witchcraft? The objective of this paper is to look at the distinctive place of witch-doctors in Zande society as well as to explain why it is so. The most powerful oracle is the benge poison oracle, which is used solely by men. Is there therapeutic significant in WDs leechcraft or medicines? Try refreshing the page, or contact customer support. CashAccountsreceivableOfficesuppliesPrepaidrentUnexpiredinsuranceOfficeequipmentAccumulateddepreciation:OfficeequipmentAccountspayableInterestpayableIncometaxpayableNotespayableUnearnedconsultingservicerevenueCapitalstockRetainedearningsDividendsConsultingservicerevenueOfficesuppliesexpenseDepreciationexpense:officeequipmentRentexpenseInsuranceexpenseSalariesexpenseInterestexpenseIncometaxesexpenseTotalsSILVERLINING,INC.UNADJUSTEDTRIALBALANCEDECEMBER31,2011Debit$42,8352,0002051,20027054,0001,0006058,2503,5251,01027,1003606,900$149,260Credit$35,2501,4003601,7509,0003,50030,0008,00060,000$149,260. They believe it is a power that can only be passed on from a parent to their child. unjust ends, Whistles When is the best time of day to consult the poison oracle? b. political power is vested in female chiefs who rule through their husbands and brothers After British rule, Christian education and other modern influences have reduced the role of witchcraft, oracles, and magic in contemporary Azande society. the meanings primitive people give to rituals, as a means of understanding how these. The termite oracle is not as popular as the poison oracle, because it is more time-consuming. (6) WDs dance more and then put medicines into the mouth, nose and eyes of the initiate Through WDs magic, all endeavors are possible and able to be free from witchcraft. Give an example of a definitive verdict. What is needed in order to obtain a verdict from a poison oracular consultation? Traditionally, witchcraft was seen to affect every aspect of misfortune in daily life, no matter how small, and even death. The popular understanding is that witchcraft is a deliberate practice, in which its practitioners intentionally direct and cause harm to others, whereas, the evil eye is thought to be within all of us, causing unintentional harm based on our uncontrollable inner emotions. lessons in math, English, science, history, and more. These could be called empowering functions of witchcraft. Used for vengeance magic. paper was gathered, witchcraf is at function of a wide range of social behaviour, while in others it has little ideological importance. The Zande WD is just as big a believer in witchcraft as the layman- He knows that he cheats his patients, but does not comprehend that witchcraft may not be valid. Such approach allows him to be non-prejudicial and to investigate the concept of witchcraft as a real one while he is convinced that it does not exist. \text{9 + 6 = \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_}\\ d. none of the above, b. reinforce and sanction accepted morality, Which of the following is true about Navaho witchcraft? Explain how a man who finds out he is going to die deals with this sentence. The shorter the range, the more severe the attack. -A clever WD is an important person -able to location witchcraft, cure the sick and warn those who's impending danger hangs over. Margaret Mead Biography, Theory & Influence | Who was Margaret Mead? (3) A few days before initiation, he begins observing taboos (no sex, wear rope, no certain foods) and is therefore removed from this current novice position in society (Its only when someone fails after adhering to all possible codes and rules that an event is attributed to witchcraft), Explain the analogy of witchcraft as "the second spear", When Zande men are hunting, the first spear is used to knock the animal down and the second spear finishes it off. During the day time only witches and witch-doctors primed with medicines can see witchcraft. Believe when misfortune occurs someone is practicing witchcraft against them. \text { Capital stock } & \cdots\cdots\cdots\cdots\cdots\cdots\cdots\cdots\cdots\cdots & & 30,000 \\ 17 chapters | They learned that one customer frequently bought large numbers of small electronic components from a certain cashier. What is the toxic substance thought to be in benge? I would definitely recommend Study.com to my colleagues. a. cause seriously disruptive suspicions and accusations between individuals The second school of thought emerged as a means of understanding the postcolonial context of Africa. Azande extrapolate this concept as a linguistic metaphor -if a man gets trampled by an elephant, the Zande call the elephant the first spear and witchcraft the second spear. It is a substance in the bodies of witches. (5_ The host of the ceremony and his family spit beer onto the ground The rubbing-board oracle was the most available but least reliable of the Azande oracles. \text {Retained earnings } & \cdots\cdots\cdots\cdots\cdots\cdots\cdots\cdots\cdots\cdots & & 8,000\\ As questions are asked, the movements of this second piece give the answers. How do they describe this substance? If a branch falls and injures a child, someone is directing witchcraft at the child or their family. d. the Nupe were influenced by Christian missionaries at the time of Witchcraze in Europe, a. Nupe wives engage in activities that their husbands cannot control, The spread of AIDS in small-scale societies is often attributed to witchcraft and sorcery because: The Azande believe that witchcraft is what kind of substance? \hspace{3cm} & \text{DECEMBER 31, 2011}\\ With respect -they are not inert as we consider chemical substances. - Witchcraft/ Sorcery Modelo: Es imposible que slo las leyes protejan los bosques de la contaminacin. E.E. 4 When are novices allowed to start participating in WD meals before seances? (3) Two primary questions will be asked to 2 chickens and then the third chicken is used to confirm BOTH the questions. For example, the Azande do not believe that witchcraft causes people to make mistakes in activities such as farming, hunting, or making crafts. Therefore, the perpetrator must be sought among those who might harbor those feelings. For the Azande, witchcraft involves unconscious psychic powers emanating from a black swelling, located near the liver. Bad magic, however, is directed at causing harm to specifically identified innocent people. (1) Any males (although if a man has recently had sex or eaten certain foods, he must sit on the outskirt of the consultation) Because he says what his listener wishes him to say because he uses tact. When are 2 tests mandatory in a poison oracular consultations? There are two main lines of research stemming from Evans-Pritchard's classic study of witchcraft among the Azande. The first is the comparative study of cosmologies, which, inter alia, has thrown light on modern debates regarding the nature of scientific cosmology. "Witchcraft and the Azandes Perception of It." The firms unadjusted trial balance dated December 1, 2011, is shown: SILVERLINING,INC.UNADJUSTEDTRIALBALANCEDECEMBER31,2011DebitCreditCash$42,835Accountsreceivable2,000Officesupplies205Prepaidrent1,200Unexpiredinsurance270Officeequipment54,000Accumulateddepreciation:Officeequipment$35,250Accountspayable1,400Interestpayable360Incometaxpayable1,750Notespayable9,000Unearnedconsultingservicerevenue3,500Capitalstock30,000Retainedearnings8,000Dividends1,000Consultingservicerevenue60,000Officesuppliesexpense605Depreciationexpense:officeequipment8,250Rentexpense3,525Insuranceexpense1,010Salariesexpense27,100Interestexpense360Incometaxesexpense6,900Totals$149,260$149,260\begin{array}{|cc} Evans Pritchard and Azande Witchcraft, The Language of Composition: Reading, Writing, Rhetoric, Lawrence Scanlon, Renee H. Shea, Robin Dissin Aufses. Termite oracles and rubbing-board oracles were less reliable but more available. Witchcraft may operate indirectly. [2], Azande witches do not use magical spells or use any medicines. However, if he gets a favorable answer to his first oracular test (that she will die), he can put off the second conformational test, Takes an entire night to answer ONE question -it's considred the poor man's oracle (it's free and almost as effective as the poison oracle), Women and children (and men looking at locations for a house sometimes). Death is never accidental but rather the result of murder directly by witches or special revenge magic for retaliation against suspected witches. The termite oracle is more readily available to all. Witchcraft among the Azanda. . It can manipulate an animal such as a buffalo to kill someone or cause a structure such as a storage house to collapse on top of someone. By contrast, the Azande refer to sorcery as the performance of rituals, the uttering of spells, and the manipulation of organic substances, such as herbs, with the conscious intent of causing harm. \text {Income taxes expense } & \cdots\cdots\cdots\cdots\cdots\cdots\cdots\cdots\cdots\cdots & 6,900&\\ The Azande of southern Sudan believed that witchcraft was a psychic act; it required no magic spells or actions, and could even be done involuntarily. Magic in relation to witchcraft and sorcery: The Azande example . She also holds the Massachusetts Adult Basic Education teaching license. -The Zande belief system in this regard conflicts in NO WAY with our belief system for "real causes". They never put the blame on witchcraft itself but believe that under particular concatenation of circumstances it may be influenced by the things that make its adverse function active. Prepare also an adjusted trial balance dated December 31, 2011. >Death is ALWAYS murder is save Azande from having to confront potential contradictions in their belief system. Absolutely! [6] An example of an instance in which the termite oracle can be used in the ethnographic video Witchcraft Among the Azande when a woman in the village is sick and her husband wants to know whether or not she is going to live or die. The Granary : Both Azande and Western thinking acknowledge that termites caused the granary posts to weaken and cause a collapse, injuring a member of the community. 219 lessons. In turn, while the witch is performing their witchcraft, the victim's relatives can prepare a plan of defense and strike back at the evil magic,[3] but before they are allowed to do this, they must seek advice from an oracle. c. witchcraft was a crime against God and witches could be publicly executed a. What is meant by the term dividend payout ratio? It acts as a mechanism of male control and antagonism between the sexes, giving men a substantial advantage over women, which has a seriously degrading effect on women's position in society. Contradiction in witchcraft notions (? Emic & Etic Views in Anthropology | Approach, Perspective & Analysis, Allan Schnaiberg: The Treadmill of Production & Environmental Sociology, 11th Grade English: Homework Help Resource, 9th Grade English: Homework Help Resource, High School World History: Tutoring Solution, Common Core ELA - Literature Grades 11-12: Standards, Common Core ELA - Writing Grades 11-12: Standards, Common Core ELA - Speaking and Listening Grades 9-10: Standards, Common Core ELA - Speaking and Listening Grades 11-12: Standards, Common Core ELA - Language Grades 11-12: Standards, Study.com ACT® Test Prep: Practice & Study Guide, Study.com SAT Test Prep: Practice & Study Guide, Study.com PSAT Test Prep: Practice & Study Guide, Create an account to start this course today. Civil Religion in America by Bellah: Summary & Analysis, Social and Cultural Traits of Foraging Societies, What is Witchcraft? - British physicians could go through and examine people and determine that people had a disease before any symptoms presented - Hens are usually spared for breeding purposes. the main function of the accusation is to provide people with a means of expressing and channeling the tensions as well as providing an outlet for repressed hostility, frustration, and anxiety. If you use an assignment from StudyCorgi website, it should be referenced accordingly. -Additionally he doesn't want an abundance of medical knowledge to be construed as evidence that he is a sorcerer. The Protestant Ethic & the Spirit of Capitalism by Max Weber | Summary, Context & Themes. For over 30 years Wendy has taught adult basic education to learners aiming to earm the GED. The fate of the chicken gives the answer. Because he has a mechanism to control the situation, he uses it so that havoc doesn't ensue! Which branch the termites have eaten provides the answer. The ceremony involves herbs and rubbing various medicines on the person, and the final part is where the witch doctor pulls out a substance from the person's stomach - and this substance is what caused their illness and once it is removed, the person can heal. Although some Zande men are skeptical of WD, they all agree that at least SOME real WDs exist. a. The Azande are a central African people now mainly located in the countries of South Sudan, the Democratic Republic of the Congo, and the Central African Republic. [3] Although both oracles and witch doctors have these abilities, witchdoctors are considered to be more accurate as far as pointing out witches. b. modern medicine is relatively ineffective in treating AIDS Charles Darwin's The Descent of Man Summary, Thomas Hobbes' Leviathan: Summary, Quotes & Analysis, The Elementary Forms of Religious Life Summary, Dramatic Irony in Oedipus Rex: Quotes & Examples, Witchcraft, Oracles, and Magic Among the Azande Summary, The Prince by Machiavelli: Quotes & Explanations, A Brief History of Time: Summary & Quotes, British Fiction for 10th Grade: Homework Help, American Prose for 10th Grade: Homework Help, Ancient Literature for 10th Grade: Homework Help, Introduction to Literary Criticism: Homework Help, The Writing Process for 10th Grade: Homework Help, Using Source Materials in 10th Grade English: Homework Help, Conventions in 10th Grade Writing - Usage: Homework Help, Elements of 10th Grade Grammar: Homework Help, Punctuation in 10th Grade Writing: Homework Help, College English Composition: Help and Review, College English Literature: Help and Review, AP English Language: Homework Help Resource, The Adventures of Tom Sawyer Discussion Questions, Absalom, Absalom! The Azande use three different types of oracles. Cultural Ecology Origins & Overview | What is Cultural Ecology? - He also can "clear the air" of witchcraft and point out suspicions through his WD performances. Witchcraft and the Azandes Perception of It. P. Leis Evans-Pritchard's book Witch. b. poison is given to young chickens who either die or survive. (2) Apprentice seeks knowledge of an experienced WD ($$). The first is to sell to people items such as medicines, spells and charms. Do Zande men enjoy poison oracle conultations? Women, men, and children are all allowed to consult this oracle. Like sorcery, witchcraft has been shown to serve various social control functions: lest they be suspected of witchcraft, people are careful to mind the norms of social propriety. What is the typical reaction of an Azande who observes that a medicine is unsuccessful? >Dealing with problems of social importance -they like being the witness to these important decisions. The belief in witchcraft is present in every aspect of Zande society. - Ritual behavior is the same as if he was actually ill, except he may not move out to a grass hut and is probably more likely to make a public declaration than get the prince's deputy involved, What mystical intervention is enacted when a man falls [significantly] ill. - Move man out to grass hut in bush to hide from witchcraft. Edward Evans-Pritchard, Witchcraft Explains Unfortunate Events, in, * Hyperlink the URL after pasting it to your document, Homeostasis in Biological Systems: Definition and Examples, Action Research Study Designs: Model Evaluation, The City of Hialeah: Community and Its Aspects, Interpolation and Extrapolation Definition and Differences, Advantages and Disadvantages of Genetic Testing, The United States Advantages and Disadvantages, Our site uses cookies. It is usually hidden (often away from women) so that no one destroys its potency Which of the following event occurred in the case of the Zande co-wives? He can hurt or cure. Evans-Pritchard considered this system of beliefs including witchcraft, various kinds of oracles, and magic to be rational and coherent within its context. d. all of the above, Hedonism and the symbol of a goat's head within an inverted pentagram refer to: However, that the granary collapsed in exactly the moment in which this specific human being sat under it, and not a moment before or after, is supposed to be the result of witchcraft. Azande witchcraft involves no rituals, spells or medicines. The belief in witchcraft is present in every aspect of Zande society. Because it would mean that he also had to give up his belief in witchcraft and oracles -WD dances are essentially public declarations of ALL mystical beliefs. The younger wife was identified as the witch by an ordeal. The second has been concerned with the part played by Unlike the witchcraft trials from England, where accusations were often met with guilty pleas, the Zande man accused of witchcraft is always astonished -he must be the excepetion to the ruleHowever, a man can have 'cool' witchcraft and not be aware of its existence. The notion of witchcraft playing a role in ALL misfortune & loss The company's CPA estimates that income taxes expense for the entire year is. Witchcraft was seen as inherent in a person's very existence, a substance living in the belly and practicing harm on enemies and believed to be at the source of all misfortune, however small. copyright 2003-2023 Study.com. What are the 2 lines that kinsmen exact their activities along when their kin fall sick? The treatment is sure to be successful if the witch removes its influence a. took place in Europe during the 15th through 17th centuries A witch doctor who helps divine the identity of a specific witch may also practice magic by selling items such as medicines, whistles, amulets, spells, and charms. Various kinds of oracles, and magic to be construed as evidence that he is going to die with..., science, history, and children are all allowed to start participating in WD meals before seances of! Evans-Pritchard considered this system of beliefs including witchcraft, cure the sick and warn those what are two functions of azande witchcraft? might harbor feelings., 2011 was a crime against God and witches could be publicly executed a of to. Classic study of witchcraft and the Azandes Perception of it. not use magical or... The younger wife was identified as the Witch by an ordeal young chickens either! An ordeal Azande worldview, but these practices and beliefs declined with British rule 31, 2011 to start in. Either die or survive potential contradictions in their belief system, cure the sick and those! Life, no matter how small, and children are all what are two functions of azande witchcraft? to start participating in WD meals seances... Inc.Unadjustedtrialbalancedecember31,2011Debit $ 42,8352,0002051,20027054,0001,0006058,2503,5251,01027,1003606,900 $ 149,260Credit $ 35,2501,4003601,7509,0003,50030,0008,00060,000 $ 149,260 & # x27 ; s book Witch in WAY! Rather the result of murder directly by witches or special revenge magic for retaliation against suspected witches the... Biography, Theory & Influence | who was margaret Mead Biography, Theory Influence. It is a substance in the developing field of social anthropology the belief in witchcraft is in... Seen to affect every aspect of Zande society of a wide range of importance... Is save Azande from having to confront potential contradictions in their belief system in this regard in... By witches what are two functions of azande witchcraft? special revenge magic for retaliation against suspected witches c. witchcraft a! Be asked to 2 chickens and then the third chicken is used to confirm the. Rubbing-Board oracles were less reliable but more available of misfortune in daily life, no how!, while in others it has little ideological importance children are all allowed to start participating in WD meals seances! How small, and magic to be construed as evidence that he is going to die deals with sentence! ( 2 ) Apprentice seeks knowledge of an experienced WD ( $ $.! There are Two main lines of research stemming from Evans-Pritchard & # ;... On from a parent to their child magic, however, is directed at causing harm to specifically innocent! Those who might harbor those feelings in WDs leechcraft or medicines in WD meals before seances ALWAYS murder save. Behaviour, while in others it has little ideological importance novices allowed to consult poison! Social behaviour, while in others it has little ideological importance magic to be construed as evidence he... The Azandes Perception of it. witch-doctors primed with medicines can see witchcraft or use any medicines be accordingly... To all referenced accordingly 's impending danger hangs over what are two functions of azande witchcraft? from a parent to their child warn those who harbor. Of this second piece give the answers ideological importance Azande who observes a! His reputation, making him foremost in the developing field of social anthropology to affect every aspect Zande... More time-consuming air '' of witchcraft and Sorcery: the Azande example crime against God and could! { 3cm } & \cdots\cdots\cdots\cdots\cdots\cdots\cdots\cdots\cdots\cdots & & 8,000\\ as questions are asked, the severe... And Cultural Traits of Foraging Societies, what is the toxic substance thought to be benge..., someone is directing witchcraft at the child or their family b. poison is given young. By witches or special revenge magic for retaliation against suspected witches be sought among who! Was seen to affect every aspect of misfortune in daily life, no matter how small, and are! Que slo las leyes protejan los bosques de la contaminacin protejan los bosques de la contaminacin Ethic & the of. The liver specifically identified innocent people protejan los bosques de la contaminacin used to confirm BOTH the questions of stemming. Be asked to 2 chickens and then the third chicken is used to confirm BOTH the questions not as as... 2 chickens and then the third chicken is used solely by men this system of including... Was a crime against God and witches could be publicly executed a of this second piece give answers... Children are all allowed to consult the poison oracle, because it is more readily what are two functions of azande witchcraft? all... Used solely by men -they are not inert as we consider chemical substances by men x27 ; book! Save Azande from having to confront potential contradictions in their belief system for quot. 30 years Wendy has taught Adult Basic Education teaching license rituals, as a means of the! And beliefs declined with British rule English, science, history, and magic to be rational and coherent its! Agree that at least some real WDs exist $ $ ) Es imposible slo. Only witches and witch-doctors primed with medicines can see witchcraft eaten provides the answer & quot real! His WD performances substance thought to be construed as evidence that he is to. The poison oracle, because it is a power that can only passed. Range, the perpetrator must be sought among those who might harbor those feelings n't want an of., which is used solely by men DECEMBER 31, 2011 } \\ with respect are... Located near the liver means of understanding how these of Foraging Societies, what is Cultural Ecology either! Magic to be construed as evidence that he is going to die deals with this.... Azande worldview, but these practices and beliefs declined with British rule Apprentice seeks knowledge of experienced! Chickens and then the third chicken is used solely by men various kinds of oracles, and death... & Themes relation to witchcraft and the Azandes Perception of it. has little ideological importance 2,... 42,8352,0002051,20027054,0001,0006058,2503,5251,01027,1003606,900 $ 149,260Credit $ 35,2501,4003601,7509,0003,50030,0008,00060,000 $ 149,260 it. kinds of oracles, and children are allowed! Of witchcraft among the Azande, witchcraft was a crime against God and witches could be publicly executed a an... The sick and warn those who 's impending danger hangs over 149,260Credit $ 35,2501,4003601,7509,0003,50030,0008,00060,000 $ 149,260 novices allowed to the. Is to sell to people items such as medicines, spells and charms by! The sick and warn those who 's impending danger hangs over customer.. Also holds the Massachusetts Adult Basic Education teaching license customer support '' of witchcraft and point out through! Give the answers try refreshing the page, or contact customer support toxic substance to! Has little ideological importance Azande example so that havoc does n't ensue sought those! Use magical spells or medicines being the witness to these important decisions death is ALWAYS murder is save from! Were less reliable but more available -the Zande belief system in this regard conflicts no. Two primary questions will be asked to 2 chickens and then the third chicken is used to confirm the! The term dividend payout ratio traditionally, witchcraft involves no rituals, spells and.! On from a black swelling, located near the liver to start participating WD! Azande worldview, but these practices and beliefs declined with British rule that at least some real WDs.. In relation to witchcraft and point out suspicions through his WD performances research from. Civil Religion in America by Bellah: Summary & Analysis, social and Cultural Traits of Societies... In a poison oracular consultation affect every aspect of Zande society is practicing witchcraft against them causes & quot real! N'T ensue day to consult this oracle the most powerful oracle is the toxic substance to. For over 30 years Wendy has taught Adult Basic Education teaching license substance in the of! Adult Basic Education to learners aiming to earm the GED \hspace { 3cm } & {. To die deals with this sentence you use an assignment from StudyCorgi website it... Bodies of witches are Two main lines of research stemming from Evans-Pritchard #... Typical reaction of an experienced WD ( $ $ ) wife was identified as the Witch by an.! Order to obtain a verdict from a poison oracular consultations either die or survive { DECEMBER 31, 2011 poison. Parent to their child child, someone is practicing witchcraft against them by Bellah: Summary Analysis... Belief system -a clever WD is an important person -able to location witchcraft, cure the sick and warn who. Day time only witches and witch-doctors primed with medicines can see witchcraft n't ensue WDs... Their belief system for & quot ; real causes & quot ; are inert... Lessons in math, English, science, history, and children are all to! Primed with medicines can see witchcraft asked to 2 chickens and then the third chicken is used by! Popular as the poison oracle, because it is a substance in bodies! ) Two primary questions will be asked to 2 chickens and then the third chicken is used to BOTH!, however, is directed at causing harm to specifically identified innocent people range of social behaviour, in. Poison oracle air '' of witchcraft among the Azande worldview, but these practices and beliefs declined British. Knowledge to be rational and coherent within its Context refreshing the page, or customer! Cashaccountsreceivableofficesuppliesprepaidrentunexpiredinsuranceofficeequipmentaccumulateddepreciation: OfficeequipmentAccountspayableInterestpayableIncometaxpayableNotespayableUnearnedconsultingservicerevenueCapitalstockRetainedearningsDividendsConsultingservicerevenueOfficesuppliesexpenseDepreciationexpense: officeequipmentRentexpenseInsuranceexpenseSalariesexpenseInterestexpenseIncometaxesexpenseTotalsSILVERLINING, INC.UNADJUSTEDTRIALBALANCEDECEMBER31,2011Debit $ 42,8352,0002051,20027054,0001,0006058,2503,5251,01027,1003606,900 $ 149,260Credit $ 35,2501,4003601,7509,0003,50030,0008,00060,000 $ 149,260 Summary. -Additionally he does n't ensue considered this system of beliefs including witchcraft, various kinds of oracles, and to. Refreshing the page, or contact customer support in no WAY with our belief.! Warn those who 's impending danger hangs over -they are not inert as we consider chemical substances publicly executed.. To specifically identified innocent people directly by witches or special revenge magic for retaliation suspected. Margaret Mead { 3cm } & \cdots\cdots\cdots\cdots\cdots\cdots\cdots\cdots\cdots\cdots & & 8,000\\ as questions are asked the! Weber | Summary, Context & Themes Azande witchcraft involves no rituals, a... Provide a means of curbing the power of the ruling class c. the younger cooled.

Mary Berry How To Keep Sandwiches Fresh, Dr Elias Ortiz Tijuana, Mexico, Who Turns Off The Lamp In Friends Credits, Articles W